How do physicians use chemistry




















License: CC BY 4. A special form of the acid-base reaction is neutralization. Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine with each other to form water. Note: It is often assumed that an equimolar amount of acids and bases automatically react with each other and form a neutral solution. However, not all of these types of reactions produce a neutral solution.

This is only true for strong acid and strong base reactions. If you react a strong acid with a weak partner, an acidic solution will be produced. If you react a strong base with a weak partner, a basic solution will be produced. The redox reaction is a reaction with electron transfer in which oxidation and reduction take place with each other as a partial reaction.

During oxidation, atoms donate electrons, leading to a more positive oxidation state. During reduction, atoms accept electrons, leading to a more negative oxidation state. As shown in the example, CuO is reduced and afterward called an oxidant. Furthermore, it is shown that the oxidation number of copper changes, while the oxidation number of oxygen stays the same.

This means that the atom of copper is the part of the copper oxide-compound that accepts electrons and therefore is involved in the electron transfer. H 2 is oxidized, which means that the electrons will be released, and it acts as a reductant. Summary: The acid-base-reaction, as well as the redox reaction, are donor-acceptor reactions. The difference is that, in acid-base-reactions, protons are transferred; in redox reactions, electrons are transferred. Unit of atomic mass, u : atomic mass is often expressed in units of daltons Da.

Mass, m : 1 kg. The LMA provides the mathematical basis for calculating the ratio between products and reactants in an adjusted balance based on the prevailing substance concentration. The ratio K is constant for a specific reaction with the same conditions.

Calorimetry deals with measurements of the released or absorbed heat quantities of chemical reactions. This theorem states that the reaction enthalpy depends only on the initial and final condition and is independent of the reaction pathway. If it is not possible to measure the reaction enthalpy directly, it is feasible to determine it indirectly by using the Hess theorem.

For this method, the enthalpies of the chemical reactions can be calculated by the listed enthalpy of formation and enthalpy of combustion. This calculation is particularly relevant for acid-base reactions. Bunge, G, Starling, F. Kellas, A. London: Frowde. Platt, C. Surgical procedure.

Blood samples for laboratory testing. Blood glucose testing device. Summary Chemistry finds many applications in the healthcare field. Development of medicines involves many complicated chemistry processes.

Chemistry is used to create materials used in surgery. Much of laboratory testing is based on chemistry techniques. What is MRSA?

What role are chemists playing in treating MRSA? What is pharmaceutical chemistry? In both disciplines, you need the knowledge and foresight to identify what change needs to be made, what methods you have at your disposal to effect the change, and what potential extraneous outcomes will result from your intervention.

So, in short, the content of your organic chemistry sequence means less than the process of reasoning you will develop in the course.

To maximize the benefit you get from taking orgo, think of yourself as a physician prescribing meds reagents to a patient molecule to reach a desired outcome. With that being said, organic chemistry content can add some understanding to a lot of disease processes—and, particularly, their medical correction.

Be sure to come back and check out some of my other blog posts with specific examples on this! Health Professions. By George H. Law School. Graduate School. This kind of chemistry is called analytical chemistry. Another way in which chemistry can help medicine depends upon the ability of the modern chemist, not only to find out what the things are made of, but also to discover how the parts are put together. This branch of chemistry is called structural chemistry, because it has to do not only with the materials, but also with the way in which these materials are arranged.

Yet another method of helpfulness comes from a still more recent development of chemistry, commonly called physical chemistry, which deals with the phenomena lying on the border line between physics and chemistry—especially that part of the border line concerning the relation of energy to material. The physical chemist must know, not only what things are made of and how these elements are put together, but also what energy is concerned in putting them together, and what energy is set free when they are decomposed.

Each of these three kinds of chemistry can greatly aid the science and art of medicine—and no philosopher is needed to proclaim how much more effective their assistance may be than the old method of observing merely the outward appearance of fluid and tissue. Let us now briefly glance in detail at the various aspects of these three modes of helpfulness, taking them in the order in which they have just been mentioned. First comes the field of the analytical chemist. As has been said, the human body is a chemical machine.

It is composed entirely of chemicals, and is actuated exclusively by chemical energy. The analytical chemist is able to tell us the composition of each one of the manifold substances that compose this intricate machine.

He is able not only to discover the various elements which are present, but also to estimate with considerable precision their exact amounts. He can analyze food, as well as the various parts and secretions of the body, and can determine the relation between the composition of the food which is eaten and the resulting bodily substance.

This is all obviously of great value, for it shows us at once in a general way what elements ought to enter into the food; and moreover, in cases of disease it gives us excellent clues to the manner in which the various functions of the body depart from the normal, and thus confers important aid in diagnosis and the suggestion of suitable treatment.

But this is an old and obvious story, hence I will not dwell further upon the analytical side of the application of chemistry to medicine, important as it is.

Let us now turn to the second aspect of the subject: namely, the relation of structural chemistry to medicine. Structural chemistry had its origin in the discovery that two substances might be made up of exactly the same percentage amount of exactly the same elements, and yet be entirely different from each other.

This fact, that two things may be exactly alike as to their constituents, but very different in their properties, implies that there must be difference of arrangement of some kind or other. We can obtain the clearest conception of this idea with the help of the atomic hypothesis. If the smallest particles of any given compound substances are built up of still smaller atoms of the various elements concerned, it is clear that we can conceive of different arrangements of these atoms, and it is reasonable to suppose that the particular arrangements might make considerable difference in the nature of the resulting compounds.

Everywhere in life arrangement is significant. In the case of numbers the combination is very different from , although each contains the same individual signs. Why may not arrangement be significant in the case of atoms?



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